Mpox: A Comprehensive Overview
Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. Though first identified in monkeys in 1958 and later in humans in 1970, Mpox has gained significant attention in recent years due to its re-emergence in non-endemic regions. Characterized by a rash that often resembles smallpox but with milder symptoms, Mpox remains a public health concern due to its potential for outbreaks and global spread. This article explores the current trends of Mpox in India, its diagnosis, and available treatment options.
Introduction to Mpox
Mpox is primarily transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact with an infected animal’s bodily fluids, lesions, or respiratory droplets. Human-to-human transmission occurs via close physical contact, contaminated objects, or respiratory droplets during prolonged exposure. While the disease is usually self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within 2-4 weeks, severe cases can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, children, or pregnant women.
The incubation period for Mpox ranges from 6 to 13 days but can extend up to 21 days. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that progresses from macules to papules, vesicles, pustules, and eventually crusts. Although similar to smallpox, Mpox is less severe, and its fatality rate varies between 1-10% in endemic regions.
Trends in India
India reported its first confirmed case of Mpox in July 2022, following the global surge of cases linked to international travel. The initial cases were identified in individuals with travel histories to endemic regions in Africa or contact with infected travelers. States like Kerala and Delhi recorded the majority of cases, highlighting the importance of early detection and containment measures.
Mpox’s emergence in India emphasized the need for robust surveillance systems and public awareness campaigns. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) played a pivotal role in developing diagnostic kits and establishing testing facilities across the country. As of 2025, India’s Mpox cases remain sporadic, with localized outbreaks effectively managed through targeted interventions.
Public health authorities have implemented guidelines to prevent Mpox transmission, focusing on isolation of suspected or confirmed cases, contact tracing, and vaccination of high-risk populations. Educational campaigns about personal hygiene, safe animal handling, and early reporting of symptoms have been instrumental in reducing the spread.
Diagnosis of Mpox
Accurate diagnosis of Mpox is essential for effective management and containment. Laboratory confirmation involves molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which detects the Mpox virus’s genetic material. Swabs from skin lesions are the preferred specimens for testing, though blood or respiratory samples may also be used.
Differential diagnosis is critical since Mpox symptoms overlap with other illnesses like chickenpox, measles, or bacterial skin infections. Healthcare providers must consider the patient’s travel history, contact with animals, or exposure to confirmed cases when making a diagnosis.
Treatment and Management
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment approved for Mpox, but supportive care plays a crucial role in managing the disease. Symptomatic relief through pain management, fever control, and hydration is essential. Secondary bacterial infections may require antibiotics.
The antiviral drug tecovirimat, initially developed for smallpox, has shown promise in treating Mpox and is available under compassionate use in some countries. Vaccines developed for smallpox, such as JYNNEOS (Immune or Imvanex) and ACAM2000, provide cross-protection against Mpox. In India, vaccination efforts are focused on healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and high-risk groups.
Conclusion
Mpox remains a global health challenge, particularly in regions where healthcare resources are limited. India’s experience underscores the importance of early detection, rapid response, and public awareness in controlling the disease’s spread. As research continues to advance, the development of targeted treatments and vaccines holds promise for reducing the burden of Mpox globally.
